Responses to the 12th Century BC Collapse New

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Summary	During the Late Bronze Age, the Eastern Mediterranean formed a world of relatively closely integrated societies. In this Small World Network, stretching from the Elamite kingdom in southwestern Iran to the Mycenaean principalities in Greece, the scene was dominated by the Great Kings of Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia, and the Hittite empire, who competed for hegemonic power and tried, with variable success, to extend their dominions. – During the 12th and the early 11th century, the Late Bronze Age system collapsed. The crisis did not affect all the subregions simultaneously and to the same extent. Signs of instability and regression can be seen already in the later part of the 13th century, but in the 12th century a wave of destructions affected numerous places in a wide area, from the Aegean to the southern Levant. Many Mycenaean, Syrian and Levantine centres, including Ugarit, were destroyed. The fall of the Hittite empire probably dates from roughly the same horizon of the late 12th and early 11th centuries. A large number of immigrants might have been moving from the Aegean world towards the Near East and Egypt, where they were allegedly defeated by Ramesses III. Explaining the divergent lines of development in a world of increasingly networked communities and cultures is a challenge. It requires a complex, and necessarily comparative approach, exploring both the unifying factors and the causes of variability. The present volume can, hopefully, shed some light on these and related questions. The chapters in this volume are varied and reflect different methodologies, viewpoints and conclusions. They explore the evolving trade networks and their impact on societies, the impulses for innovation, the spread of new technologies, and the variable lines of demographic, economic, social, ideological and political development. The volume covers a broad range of subjects concerning the post-collapse developments in a number of key regions of the Ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean worlds. The chapters illuminate the dynamics of political order and power ideologies in Mesopotamia and Syria, discuss the complex processes related to the crisis and subsequent polity formation in southern Levant, analyse the impact of the spread of technologies in the Mediterranean with Cypriots and Phoenicians playing a central role, consider in depth the development of various Aegean communities, and show how emerging political identities were manifested in southern Italy. It goes without saying that the chapters in this volume cannot and do not pretend to answer all the relevant questions. However, they offer updated, varied, and critical insights, and will, hopefully, inspire further discussions of power building as well as the limitations of power in the Ancient Mediterranean and Near East during the centuries after the 12th century collapse.
Table of Contents	Mait Kõiv and Raz Kletter: Introduction Sebastian Fink and Vladimir Sazonov: The 12th Century Collapse and Assyria: Turning Point or “Usual Crisis” Joanna Töyräänvuori: Rebuilding Society: Changes in the Political Organisation of Northern Syria following the Late Bronze Age Collapse Raz Kletter: The Case of Judah Łukasz Niesiołowski-Spanò: Southern Canaan in the Early Iron Age: The Sea Peoples, Canaanites, and the Beginnings of the Kingdom of Israel (ca. 1150–850 BCE) Andres Nõmmik: Differences in the Development of the Early Iron Age Settlements in Philistia Maria Iacovou: The Cyprus Response “from within”: A Region-specific Landscape Approach to the Island’s Political Geography (12th–6th Centuries BCE) Carol Bell and Jonathan R. Wood: Reflections on the Westward Expansion of the Phoenicians in the Early Iron Age: The Search for Silver and Technology Transfer Saro Wallace: Technology and Crisis: Drivers of Aegean / East Mediterranean Innovation from c. 1200 BCE Julien Zurbach: Some Perspectives on Labour Mobilization before and after the Palaces Kurt A. Raaflaub: The Emergence of Participatory Communities in Early Greece Mait Kõiv: From Palatial Monarchy to Monarchic City-state in the Argive Plain (12th–6th Centuries BC) Hans van Wees: An Elite in the Making: The North Cemetery at Corinth, 800–500 BCE Kathryn Lomas: Inscriptions and Public Display: Literacy and Pepresentations of Power in South East Italy in the 6th Century BCE Index

Summary

During the Late Bronze Age, the Eastern Mediterranean formed a world of relatively closely integrated societies. In this Small World Network, stretching from the Elamite kingdom in southwestern Iran to the Mycenaean principalities in Greece, the scene was dominated by the Great Kings of Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia, and the Hittite empire, who competed for hegemonic power and tried, with variable success, to extend their dominions. – During the 12th and the early 11th century, the Late Bronze Age system collapsed. The crisis did not affect all the subregions simultaneously and to the same extent. Signs of instability and regression can be seen already in the later part of the 13th century, but in the 12th century a wave of destructions affected numerous places in a wide area, from the Aegean to the southern Levant. Many Mycenaean, Syrian and Levantine centres, including Ugarit, were destroyed. The fall of the Hittite empire probably dates from roughly the same horizon of the late 12th and early 11th centuries. A large number of immigrants might have been moving from the Aegean world towards the Near East and Egypt, where they were allegedly defeated by Ramesses III.

Explaining the divergent lines of development in a world of increasingly networked communities and cultures is a challenge. It requires a complex, and necessarily comparative approach, exploring both the unifying factors and the causes of variability. The present volume can, hopefully, shed some light on these and related questions. The chapters in this volume are varied and reflect different methodologies, viewpoints and conclusions. They explore the evolving trade networks and their impact on societies, the impulses for innovation, the spread of new technologies, and the variable lines of demographic, economic, social, ideological and political development. The volume covers a broad range of subjects concerning the post-collapse developments in a number of key regions of the Ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean worlds. The chapters illuminate the dynamics of political order and power ideologies in Mesopotamia and Syria, discuss the complex processes related to the crisis and subsequent polity formation in southern Levant, analyse the impact of the spread of technologies in the Mediterranean with Cypriots and Phoenicians playing a central role, consider in depth the development of various Aegean communities, and show how emerging political identities were manifested in southern Italy. It goes without saying that the chapters in this volume cannot and do not pretend to answer all the relevant questions. However, they offer updated, varied, and critical insights, and will, hopefully, inspire further discussions of power building as well as the limitations of power in the Ancient Mediterranean and Near East during the centuries after the 12th century collapse.

Table of Contents

Mait Kõiv and Raz Kletter: Introduction

Sebastian Fink and Vladimir Sazonov: The 12th Century Collapse and Assyria: Turning Point or “Usual Crisis”

Joanna Töyräänvuori: Rebuilding Society: Changes in the Political Organisation of Northern Syria following the Late Bronze Age Collapse

Raz Kletter: The Case of Judah

Łukasz Niesiołowski-Spanò: Southern Canaan in the Early Iron Age: The Sea Peoples, Canaanites, and the Beginnings of the Kingdom of Israel (ca. 1150–850 BCE)

Andres Nõmmik: Differences in the Development of the Early Iron Age Settlements in Philistia

Maria Iacovou: The Cyprus Response “from within”: A Region-specific Landscape Approach to the Island’s Political Geography (12th–6th Centuries BCE)

Carol Bell and Jonathan R. Wood: Reflections on the Westward Expansion of the Phoenicians in the Early Iron Age: The Search for Silver and Technology Transfer

Saro Wallace: Technology and Crisis: Drivers of Aegean / East Mediterranean Innovation from c. 1200 BCE

Julien Zurbach: Some Perspectives on Labour Mobilization before and after the Palaces

Kurt A. Raaflaub: The Emergence of Participatory Communities in Early Greece

Mait Kõiv: From Palatial Monarchy to Monarchic City-state in the Argive Plain (12th–6th Centuries BC)

Hans van Wees: An Elite in the Making: The North Cemetery at Corinth, 800–500 BCE

Kathryn Lomas: Inscriptions and Public Display: Literacy and Pepresentations of Power in South East Italy in the 6th Century BCE

Index

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