Abbreviations and List of Tables
1. Introduction: Approaching Late Period Enslavement
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Objectives of the work
1.3 Historical overview (800–330 BC)
1.4 The open corpus of textual sources
1.4.1 References to textual sources
1.5. Methods: philology, economy, and sociology
1.6 Outline
2. Languages and Terminology
2.1 Introduction: the languages of Late Period Egypt
2.2 Demotic Egyptian
2.2.1 bꜣk
2.2.2 nmḥ
2.2.3 ỉr bꜣk and ỉr nmḥ
2.2.4 ẖl
2.3 Hieroglyphs
2.3.1 Ḥm
2.4 Abnormal Hieratic
2.4.1 ḳḏwḏ n mḥ and rmṯ n mḥ
2.5 Aramaic
2.5.1 ʿbd
2.5.2 ʾmh
2.5.3 ʿlym
2.5.4 grd
2.5.5 Undefined terms
2.6 Terminology: summary
3. Sale , Leasing, and Ownership
3.1 Introduction: buying, owning, and selling property in Late Period Egypt
3.1.1 Sale, property, ownership, and slavery studies
3.2 Sale in the Egyptian textual tradition
3.2.1 Abnormal Hieratic sale formulae
3.2.2 Demotic sale formulae
3.2.3 Demotic and Abnormal Hieratic sales
3.2.4 Buying and selling people in the Egyptian textual record
3.2.5 Documents styled as sales
3.3 Sale in the Aramaic textual record
3.3.1 Aramaic sales
3.3.2 Buying and selling people in the Aramaic textual record
3.4 Leases
3.4.1 Late Period leases
3.4.2 Leasing of persons
3.4.3 ‘Forever’
3.5 Ownership and possession
3.5.1 Defining possession and ownership in Late Period Egypt
3.5.2 ‘… And obligations’
3.6 Conclusions
4. Pricing, Labour, and the Price of Labour
4.1 Introduction: prices, wages, and the commodification of labour
4.2 Labour as a commodity
4.2.1 Skilled labour, labour supply, and labour availability
4.3 Prices, systems of exchange, and markets
4.3.1 Egyptian
4.3.2 Aramaic
4.4 Markets, silver, and redistribution
4.5 Late Period commodity prices
4.5.1 Land and cattle
4.5.2 The cost of marriage and dowry lists
4.5.3 Other commodities
4.5.4 Penalties
4.5.5 Commodity prices: a summary
4.6 The price of labour
4.6.1 Wages
4.6.2 Imported labour
4.6.3 The cost of leased labour
4.7 The price of enslaved persons
4.7.1 Supply of slave labour in the Late period
4.7.2 Prices before, during, and after the Late Period
4.7.3 Comparative prices of enslaved persons in the eastern Mediterranean
4.7.4 The price of supporting enslaved persons
4.8 Conclusions: the price and cost of enslaved persons as commodities
5. Identity, Personhood, and Social Death
5.1 Introduction: onomastics, defining enslavement, and characterising forced labour
5.2 Onomastics and epithets
5.2.1 Renaming of enslaved persons
5.2.2 Linguistic origins of names
5.2.3 Filiation, the absence of filiation, and onomastic markers of enslavement
5.3 Assessing ‘social death’ in the Late Period
5.3.1 Renaming and absence of filiation
5.3.2 Branding as social alienation
5.4 Entry, exit, and extraction: characterising enslavement in Late Period Egypt
5.4.1 Entry into enslaved status
5.4.2 Exit from enslaved status
5.4.3 Labour extraction
5.5 Conclusions: between social death and personhood
6. Conclusions: Enslaved Persons and Enslavement in Late Period Egypt
6.1 Slaves, labourers, economic tools, and the role of protection
6.2 Summary of findings
6.2.1 ‘Slavery’ in modern legal taxonomy
6.2.2 Personal transactions, patronage, and protection
6.2.3 Enslaved persons as economic tools and stores of wealth
6.2.4 Geographic and social origins
6.3 Implications and future directions
Appendix 1: Textual Sources
Appendix 2: Names of Enslaved Persons
Names in Egyptian sources
Names in Aramaic sources
Appendix 3: Texts in the Corpus
Concordance
A note on translation
AH1. Sale of a ‘man of the north’
AH2. Sale of a ‘man of the north’
AH3. Quitclaim involving a ‘man of the north’
AH4. Sale or lease of a ‘man of the north’
AH5. Sale of a ‘Gazan of the north’
D1. Self-sale as slave
D2. Self-sale or acknowledgement as slave
D3. Transfer of ownership
D4. Acknowledgement of ownership
D5. Self-sale as a slave
D6. Negotiation of food provisions between an enslaved man and owner
D7. Self-sale as son
D8. Sale of a slave
D9. Re-sale of slave
D10. Sale and cession of two slaves
A1. Transfer of slaves
A2. Fragmentary note of marked slaves
A3. Escaped slaves
A4. Request for release of slaves
A5. Acquisition and marking of enslaved persons
A6. Inheritance division
A7. Marriage contract of an enslaved woman to an unenslaved man
A8. Manumission of an enslaved woman and her daughter
A9. Adoption of an ʿlym
A10. Fragmentary conveyance of multiple slaves
A11. Possible distraint of slave
A12. Court record involving slaves
A13. Complaint regarding three slaves
A14. Complaint regarding illegal enslavement
A15. Court record regarding ʿbdn and valuables
A16. Dispute over ʿbdn
A17. Witness list with ‘sons of the house’
A18. Letter regarding a leased? female slave
H1. Abydos Stela of Sheshonq
H2. Apanage Stela of Iuwelot
Bibliography
Index
