In the present work, slavery in southern Mesopotamia during the Old Babylonian period (ca. 2000–1595 BC) is examined in the institutional realm of the temple and palace.

For decades, research on slavery has played an important role in historical science from a social, historical and economic perspective. While slavery is considered a global historical phenomenon that has existed throughout human history, research into slavery in the premodern eras has focused primarily on Graeco-Roman antiquity, although ancient Mesopotamia has numerous sources on slavery dating back to going back to the beginnings of historical records. Although the first treatises on slavery in the Ancient Near East were written at the beginning of the 20th century, these studies – up to the present day – have only rarely been noticed outside of Ancient Near Eastern Studies.

The study is based on the relevant texts from 16 sites in southern, central and northern Babylonia, with the following four aspects in focus:

The Acquisition of Slaves: Determining the sources of slavery is a fundamental part of the study. A distinction is made here between acquisition through purchase, captivity, dedication and hiring. In the course of acquisition through one of the options mentioned, the origin of the slaves is also examined, which is often noted in the texts at the time of admission to an institution.

Tasks and areas of use of the slaves: The tasks and areas of use of the slaves and thus their contribution to the functioning of institutional households are also of particular interest. These are agriculture, handicrafts and the cult area.

The supply of the slaves: The supply lists of the political and cultic-religious institutions often represent the only proof of the existence of slaves. They are evaluated primarily with regard to the qualifications and the areas of application of the slaves.

Redemption, release, escape and death of slaves: A slave could evade the violence of a political or cultic-religious institution by paying a ransom, fleeing, release or death.

It becomes clear that slaves could be used in every economic area of ​​the palace and temple households – agriculture, handicrafts and even in the cult – and thus contributed to the functioning of the palace and temple economy. The work can also show how closely the private sector was able to work with the respective institutions.

Vorwort

I. Teil: Raum – Zeit – Gegenstand

1. Einleitung 

2. Zur altbabylonischen Zeit und ihren Quellen 

3. Gegenstand 

    3.1. Sklaverei im Alten Orient – Stand der Forschung und Begriffsbestimmung 

    3.2. „Tempel“, „Palast“ und die Trennung zwischen „privat“ und „offiziell“ 

II. Teil: Institutionelle Sklaverei in den altbabylonischen Texten Mesopotamiens

1. Ur

    1.1. Einleitung 

    1.2. Das relevante Textmaterial 

    1.3. Die a-ru-a-Texte und der Nanna-Ningal-Tempel 

    1.4. Anlass der Weihung und Einsatz im Tempel 

    1.5. Weitere Belege für Sklaven im Nanna-Ningal-Tempel

    1.6. Fazit

2. Larsa 

    2.1. Einleitung 

    2.2. Das relevante Textmaterial 

    2.3. Das bīt asīrī

    2.4. Balmunamḫe – der Verwalter des Enki-Tempels? 

    2.5. Das Ebabbar 

    2.6. Sklavenstiftungen an Gottheiten 

    2.7. Der Palast des Nūr-Adad

    2.8. Versorgungslisten 

    2.9. Diverse administrative Texte

    2.10. Fazit

3. Uruk

    3.1. Einleitung 

    3.2. Das relevante Textmaterial 

    3.3. „Gefangener“ oder „Sklave“? 

    3.4. Eigenschaften und Herkunft der Gefangene und Sklaven

    3.6. Gefangene und Sklaven innerhalb der Verwaltungsstrukturen von Uruk

    3.7. Die Verfügungsgewalt über Gefangene und Sklaven des bīt asīrī 

    3.8. Ein flüchtiger Palastsklave 

    3.9. Fazit

4. Kisurra

    4.1. Einleitung 

    4.2. Sklaven im c-Haushalt 

    4.3. Fazit

5. Isin

    5.1. Einleitung 

    5.2. Sklavinnen im Enlil-bāni-Palast 

    5.3. Sklavinnen im „Craft Archive“

    5.4. Fazit

6. Nippur 

    6.1. Einleitung 

    6.2. Das Archiv des „central redistributive household“

    6.3. Sklavinnen und Sklaven im Ninurta-Tempel 

    6.4. Brot für die géme-uš-bar „Sklavinnen-Weberinnen“ 

    6.5. Fazit

7. Dūr-Abiešuḫ 

    7.1. Einleitung 

    7.2. Das relevante Textmaterial 

    7.3. Preise und Herkunft der Sklaven

    7.4. Institutioneller oder privater Kontext?

    7.5. Fazit

8. Maškan-šapir

    8.1. Einleitung 

    8.2. Versorgung von Kriegsgefangenen durch den gu-za-lá 

    8.3. Fazit

9. Babylon

    9.1. Einleitung 

    9.2. Sklaven und Sklavinnen im Haus des Marduk-nāsir

    9.3. Sklaven für das Mahlen im Marduk-Tempel 

    9.4. Fazit

10. Tell Egraineh

    10.1. Einleitung 

    10.2. Die Versorgung von Sklavinnen und Sklaven im Uraš-Tempel

11. Damrum und die Mananâ-Texte 

    11.1. Einleitung 

    11.2. Kriegsgefangene aus Ešnunna

    11.3. Fazit

12. Sippar 

    12.1. Einleitung 

    12.2. Der TIM-VII-Haushalt 

    12.3. Sklaven im gagûm-Kloster 

    12.4. „Sklaven des Hauses“ (außerhalb des TIM-VII-Haushalts) 

    12.5. Sklaven im Tempel der Annunītum (Eulmaš)

    12.6. Sklaven für den Tempel des Šamaš (Ebabbar) 

    12.7. Sklaven im Palast 

    12.8. Die Weihung von Sklaven an eine Gottheit im Zuge einer Adoption

    12.9. Fazit

13. Šaduppûm 

    13.1. Einleitung 

    13.2. Das Hauptverwaltungsgebäude „Serai“ 

    13.3. Fazit

14. Nērebtum

    14.1. Einleitung 

    14.2. Der Kitītum-Tempel 

    14.3. Einige Sklavenkaufurkunden aus institutionellem Kontext 

    14.4. Lösegeldvereinbarungen zwischen Šadlaš und Nerēbtum 

    14.5. Fazit

15. Tutub

    15.1. Einleitung 

    15.2. Texte aus dem Sîn-Tempel

    15.3. Fazit

16. Ešnunna

    16.1. Einleitung 

    16.2. Der Austausch von Kriegsgefangenen

    16.3. Sklaven und Sklavinnen in den administrativen Texten des Palastes und des Šu-Sîn-Tempels

    16.4. Fazit

III. Teil: Auswertung und Zusammenfassung

1. Institutionen zwischen Tempel, Palast und Privatwirtschaft

2. Die Sklaverei in politischen Institutionen 

    2.1. Der Erwerb von Sklaven

    2.2. Die Aufgaben und Einsatzbereiche der Sklaven

    2.3. Die Versorgung der Sklaven

    2.4. Auslösung, Freistellung, Flucht und Tod von Sklaven

    2.5. Chronologische Verteilung der Sklaverei in politischen Institutionen 

3. Die Sklaverei in kultisch-religiösen Institutionen

    3.1. Der Erwerb von Sklaven

    3.2. Die Aufgaben und Einsatzbereiche

    3.3. Die Versorgung der Sklaven

    3.4. Chronologische Verteilung der Sklaverei in kultisch-religiösen Institutionen 

4. Fazit und Ausblick

IV. Teil: Anhang

1. Abkürzungsverzeichnis

2. Bibliographie

3. Abbildungsverzeichnis 

4. Index

András Bácskay’s investigation focuses on collecting and analysing glosses and so-called ‘embedded variants’ attested in therapeutic prescriptions. In addition, references attested in lists of amulet stones were also discussed as an excursus.

The purpose of this work is twofold: first, to provide an edition of the relevant text material, and second to analyse the functional and semantic concerns connected to the use of glosses and embedded variants in therapeutic texts. The importance of this topic is shown clearly by the fact that besides the medical commentary texts, the glosses and embedded variants constitute the largest group of sources that may shed light on the ways and methods of cuneiform science in medical texts. This study primarily focuses on references attested in the published text material; references have been checked by collation of the original cuneiform tablets or at least from photos of the original tablet.

This book consists of four main thematic parts and an appendix. The first part provides a summary of the relevant texts, including tables of the references segmented by the provenance of the tablets. The second part will present transliterations and translations of the relevant therapeutic prescriptions under study in score editions. Each prescription discussed in this part include the following main elements: transliteration and English translation of the prescription, illustrations (photos and hand-copies) of the glosses or embedded variants appearing in the text, descriptions of the glosses or embedded variants in terms of the formal and functional subtypes, commentaries (which includes the interpretation of the references) and finally the relevant literature discussing the prescription. The third main part deals with the analysis of the references. This entails not only a simple formal and functional typology, but also a description of the semantic connection between each gloss and glossed term as well as possible reasons why the gloss was added. In the excursus (chapter four), the references from the amulet stone lists are elaborated. The appendix includes three parts: 1) a general description of the cuneiform tablets containing glosses or embedded variants in terms of museum number, publication, provenience and content, 2) the index of cuneiform texts with glosses or embedded variants edited in this book and 3) the index of embedded variants, glosses and glossed terms.

Introduction

Who wrote glosses or embedded variants in therapeutic texts and why?

1. Description of the text corpus

1.1 General descriptions

1.2 Tablets from Nineveh

1.3 Tablets from Aššur

1.4 Tablet from Kalḫu

1.5 Tablets from Babylon and Uruk

1.6 Tablets of uncertain provenance

2. Transliteration and translation of the relevant prescriptions

2.1 The therapeutic series tablets

2.1.1 The cranium

2.1.2 The eyes

2.1.3 The ears

2.1.4 The stomach

2.1.5 The bronchia

2.1.6 The anus

2.2 Glosses and embedded variants in other therapeutic tablets

2.2.1 Head problems

2.2.2 Ear problems

2.2.3 Teeth problems

2.2.4 Bu’šānu-disease

2.2.5 Foot problems

2.2.6 Skin problems

2.2.7 Kidney problems (ḫiniqtu)

2.2.8 Internal problems

2.2.9 Respiratory problems

2.2.10 Diseases particular to women

2.2.11 Ghost

2.2.12 Sorcery

2.2.13 Uncertain

2.2.14 Further addition (after completion of the manuscript)

3. Analysis of the references

3.1 The formal perspective

3.2 The functional perspective

3.3 The semantic topics of the references

3.4 Types of semantic connections

3.5 Conclusion

4. Excursus: Glosses and embedded variants in amulet stone lists

5. Appendix

5.1 Description of the cuneiform tablets

5.2 Index of cuneiform texts edited in this book

5.3 Index of terms (embedded variants, glossed words, glosses)

Bibliography

The present volume brings together articles concerned with diverse aspects of the Early Mesopotamian documentation – i.e. texts dating to the Archaic, Early Dynastic (ED I–II, IIIa, IIIb), Sargonic, and Gutian periods, and extending geographically to include Ebla and its royal archives. Early Mesopotamia has recently attracted the attention of Assyriologists thanks to the enormous amount of new epigraphic material – mostly clay tablets – which appeared in the last decades. As a result of the sudden publication of thousands of texts, the Archaic, Early Dynastic, Sargonic, and post-Sargonic periods have assumed new relevance in the general landscape of research on third millennium Mesopotamia, which was until recently dominated by the Neo-Sumerian studies. Among others J. N. Postgate re-investigates the Dynamic Mode of Gudea’s Sumerian; N. Rudik continues her studies on Early Dynastic incantations from the Schøyen collection; G. Benati & C. Lecompte take into consideration the political institutions in Early Dynastic Ur and X. Wang those of the city of Uruk. The volume is supplemented by extensive indices.

Preface

Program of the workshop

Armando Bramanti / Nicholas L. Kraus / Palmiro Notizia: Early Mesopotamia in the Third Millennium CE: The Last Two Decades of Research (2000–2020)

Kathryn Kelley: More Than a Woman? On Proto-cuneiform SAL and the Archaic “Tribute List”

Xianhua Wang: How Many Priest-Kings in Town? A Glance at the Political Structure of the City of Uruk at the Dawn of Civilization

Giacomo Benati / Camille Lecompte: The Scale and Extent of Political Institutions in Early Dynastic Mesopotamia: The Case of Archaic Ur

Nadezda Rudik: Herumtreibende Kinder, bewaffnete Kälber und Götter in Aufruhr: die frühdynastischen Beschwörungen aus CUSAS 32

Alfonso Archi: Ebla(itologists) and Sumer(ologists): Reasons for a Dialogue

Marco Bonechi / Ryan Winters: Ebla through Huwawa’s Gaze: Inner and Outer Perspectives on Early Syria, between Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Anatolia

Nicholas L. Kraus: An Addition to the Early Dynastic Lexical Tradition: Early Dynastic Personal Names A (Word List Z)

Armando Bramanti: The Making of a Sign List: Toward a Paleography of Early Dynastic Umma

J. Nicholas Postgate: More Points of Grammar in Gudea: Resuscitating the Dynamic Mode

Indexes

The moon god Nanna/Sîn is one of the primary deities in the Sumero-Babylonian pantheon, and, for this reason, has been of interest since the early days of Assyriological research. In addition to the ubiquitous presence of Sîn in cuneiform sources, and the crescent moon in Mesopotamian art, scholarly interest in him can be attributed to his prominent role in the context of celestial divination: the lunar omens dominate the sphere of celestial divination in the 1st millennium BCE. Also, the marked interest of the Sargonid kings of Assyria in the Ḫarranian moon god in the 8th–7th centuries BCE and the veneration of Sîn by Nabonidus in the 6th century BCE have received much attention from various scholars. The theological concepts surrounding Sîn are by no means limited only to his role as the god of the moon, but he shared numerous abilities and powers with other deities of the Mesopotamian pantheon depending on the context. The sources from the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods describe the moon god Sîn first and foremost as the moon, a celestial luminary that embodies cosmic order and regulates time, conveys messages about the decisions he or other deities have made, brings stability to the reign of the king, allows people (and animals) to procreate, and afflicts them with epilepsy and skin diseases (but also heals them, if he wills). He is present not only in cult images in and around sanctuaries but also in the night sky, where he unceasingly makes himself manifest from day to day, month to month; the jewel of heavens, surrounded by rejoicing stars.

The present study is subdivided into two main parts: “Theologies of the Moon God in Assyria and Babylonia”, characterizing himself and his family and entourage, and “The Cult of Sîn in Babylonia and Assyria” on his role in the context of his places of worship and temples. These parts are supplemented by editions of selected texts and extensive indices.

Preface

I. Introduction

     I.1. The Moon God Sîn in Assyriological Research

     I.2. Reflections on Methodology and Terminology

     I.3. Sources

     I.4. Lunar Phases

II. Theologies of the Moon God in Assyria and Babylonia

     II.1. The Moon and the Moon God

     II.2. Lunar Names, Epithets and Metaphors

     II.3. The Moon God as a Celestial Light

     II.4. The Moon God, the Lunar Cycle, and Conceptions of Time

     II.5. Sîn’s Association with Anu, Ea, and Enlil

     II.6. Sîn and Divine Decisions

     II.7. Sîn and Kingship

     II.8. Sîn, Creation, Growth and Animals

     II.9. Sîn, Oaths, Curses and Punishments

     II.10. Sîn, Illness and Healing

     II.11. The Family and Household of Sîn

III. The Cult of Sîn in Babylonia and Assyria

     III.1. Ur and the Neighbouring Area

     III.2. Other Cult Places of Sîn in Babylonia

     III.3. Ḫarran

     III.4. The Temples of Sîn in the Assyrian Capital Cities

IV. Conclusions

V. Text Editions

     V.1. “Sîn 1”

     V.2. “Sîn 2”

     V.3. “Sîn 3”

     V.4. “Sîn 9”

     V.5. “Sîn 11”

     V.6. “Sîn 14”

     V.7. Ikrib-prayers to Sîn (K. 2751+//)

     V.8. Making the Unpropitious Appearance of Sîn Good (K. 6018+//)

     V.9. Avoiding Childbirth during the Month Nisannu (VAT 8004//)

     ​V.10. A War Ritual before the Moon and the Sun (CBS 1516)

Abbreviations / Bibliography / Index

Plates

The volume collects twenty-three essays in English, Italian, French, and German offered to the Assyriologist Francesco Pomponio (University of Messina) from pupils, friends, and colleagues on the occasion of his 70th birthday. In accordance with his scholarly interests, the contributions in the present volume cover a wide range of topics in the field of Ancient Near Eastern studies and present the edition of new textual sources from third to first millennium BC Mesopotamia.

Premessa          

Publications of Francesco Pomponio     

Pierluigi Ciocca: Omaggio a Francesco Pomponio

Sergio Alivernini: A New Text Belonging to the Collections of the British Museum

Maria Giulia Amadasi Guzzo: Le dieu de Phrangissa (Chypre)

Maria Giovanna Biga: Francesco Pomponio and His Place in the History of Eblaite Studies

Noemi Borrelli: Symbolic and Economic Institutions in 3rd Millennium Southern Mesopotamia: The Household of the ereš-diĝir of Bau

Odoardo Bulgarelli: La Mesopotamia: commercio, strumenti economico-finanziari e mezzi di pagamento (fine IV – inizi II millennio a.C.)              

Franco D’Agostino: Stealing Barley in Ur III: a Detective Story?  

Benjamin R. Foster: When the Phoenicians Came to Cornwall    

Angela Greco: Neglected Source of Prosperity: Marsh Resources and the Role of the enku in Third Millennium BC Southern Mesopotamia

Massimo Maiocchi: Current Approaches towards Ancient Near Eastern Textual Sources: Some Remarks on Contemporary Methodologies for Philological Research

Pietro Mander: Die Bedeutung des fließenden Wassers in der sumerischen Kosmologie

Gianni Marchesi: A New Manuscript of Ana ittišu II from Nimrud             

Manuel Molina: Court Cases on Burglaries, Fugitives, Debts and Other Matters in Ur III Times   

Salvatore F. Monaco: Meannedu, Ruler of Umma           

Palmiro Notizia: Money-Lenders and Merchants from Central Babylonia: Unpublished Ur III Documents in the Yale Babylonian Collection   

David I. Owen: New Sources from the Garšana and Iri-Saĝrig Archives   

Sergio Ribichini: Euripide et le sacrifice humain à Carthage : notes de lecture     

Annunziata Rositani: War Prisoners as Gifts of the King Rīm-Anum for Goddesses and Gods: Two New Texts      

Cristina Simonetti: The River Ordeal in the Third Millennium BC

Gabriella Spada: “I Want to Break Free”: Model Contracts Recording Slave Self-Emancipation   

Marten Stol: Esip tabal in Agriculture    

Marcos Such-Gutiérrez: Die Berufsbezeichnung lú-igi    

Lorenzo Verderame: Fashioning of Statues in Three Neo-Sumerian Unpublished Texts from Ur 

Paolo Xella: Nergal in Phoenician Context

Szilvia Sövegjártó's study discusses the multilingualism in Mesopotamia of the Old Babylonian period, specifically those Sumerian manuscripts, which are supplemented by Akkadian glosses. First, the cultural-historical background that brought the glosses to life is presented; the glosses are placed in context and compared with other phenomena, especially linguistic and written-historical phenomena, which shaped the bilingual milieu of the ancient Babylonian period (Chapter 2). This is followed by an overview of the glossed manuscripts as part of a praxeologically oriented analysis; This investigation aims to determine the level of education or the qualifications of the authors in more detail with regard to the question of whether the glosses (i) with training, (ii) with scientific, especially cultic-magical practice or (iii ) are to be linked with the transmission and research of a (literary) corpus that emerged earlier (Chapter 3). Chapter 4 is devoted to examining the glosses themselves. Formal and functional aspects are taken into account to show how and for what the glosses were written. An excursus on the bilingual texts of the ancient Babylonian period supplements these considerations (Chapter 5). Then the question of how hermeneutic thinking functioned in the Old Babylonian period and in what way the glosses can be classified in this premodern philological tradition is discussed. This epistemological approach attempts to place the glosses in a broader context of ancient oriental scientific practice (Chapter 6). Chapter 7 introduces glossing as a text-critical apparatus and compares it with other methods of textual criticism that were available in Old Babylonian times. Following the conclusion (Chapter 8), all of the glosses examined are presented in separate editions and extensively commented on (Chapter 9). Detailed glossaries, catalogues and directories complete the study.

Vorwort

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1 Einleitung

    1.1 Hintergrund der Arbeit

    1.2 Aufbau der Arbeit

    1.3 Darstellungskonventionen

2 Kulturgeschichtlicher Hintergrund

    2.1 Literalität und Bildung in der altbabylonischen Zeit

    2.2 Textkritischer Aspekt: Neue Überlieferungstechniken im 2. Jahrtausend

    2.3 Linguistischer Aspekt: Sprachverflechtung

    2.4 Die Glossen als Innovation der altbabylonischen Zeit

3 Die Glossenhandschriften: Ein überblick

    3.1 Topologien

        3.1.1 Historischer Kontext

        3.1.2 Geographischer Kontext

        3.1.3 Archäologischer Kontext

        3.1.4 Sozio-kultureller Kontext 

        3.1.5 Fazit          

    3.2 Materialitätsprofil   

        3.2.1 Tafeltypologie, Duplikate und Layout         

        3.2.2 Paläographie         

    3.3 Praxeologien            

        3.3.1 Gattungs- und Gliederungsvermerke         

        3.3.2 Doxologien            

        3.3.3 Kolophone             

    3.4 Fazit: Tradition, Schule und Wissenschaft    

4 Die Glossen: Ein Überblick      

    4.1 Zeichen und Metazeichen in diachronem Überblick

    4.2 Die Glossen als linguistisches Korpus             

    4.3 Formale Typologie  

        4.3.1 Randglossen          

        4.3.2 Infralineare Glossen          

        4.3.3 Interlineare Glossen          

    4.4 Funktionale Typologie          

        4.4.1 Die phonetische Ebene    

        4.4.2 Die morphosyntaktische Ebene    

        4.4.3 Die semantische Ebene    

        4.4.4 Die pragmatische Ebene  

        4.4.5 Die graphische Ebene       

    4.5 Der Beitrag der Glossen zu den Artefakt-Biographien            

    4.6 Fazit              

5 Glossen vs. Bilinguen 

    5.1 Typologie der altbabylonischen Bilinguen    

    5.2 Fallstudien zu Quasi-Bilinguen          

    5.3 Formale Kriterien zur Identifizierung von Glossen   

    5.4 Fazit              

6 Der wissenschaftliche Apparat der altbabylonischen Zeit         

    6.1 Einführung: Wissenschaftliche Praktiken und Konventionen

    6.2 Wissenschaftliche Praktiken in den altbabylonischen Quellen            

        6.2.1. Listen für Fortgeschrittene            

        6.2.2. Sumerische Literatur        

        6.2.3 Divination

        6.2.4 Strukturierung und Erstellung von Sammlungen   

        6.2.5 Fachtermini

    6.3 Die Glossen als wissenschaftlicher Apparat 

7 Die Glossen als textkritischer Apparat

    7.1 Die Quellen: Variantenglossen und sonstige redaktionelle Annotationen     

    7.2 Auf dem Weg zur Autorität des Geschriebenen?      

    7.3 Ausblick: Glossen in sumerischen Texten nach der altbabylonischen Zeit      

8 Fazit  

9 Verzeichnis der Glossen

10 Glossar         

    10.1 Sumerisch

    10.2 Akkadisch

11 Kollationen 

12 Kataloge       

    12.1 Katalog der altbabylonischen glossierten Manuskripte       

    12.2 Katalog der mittelbabylonischen glossierten Manuskripte

    12.3 Katalog der altbabylonischen zweisprachigen Manuskripte

    12.4 Katalog der Manuskripte glossierter Proto-Listen  

    12.5 Katalog der zweisprachigen Rezensionen einsprachiger Proto-Listen           

13 Abbildungsverzeichnis           

14 Literaturverzeichnis

Twenty studies are devoted to the Ancient Near Eastern scholar Konrad Volk. Among others, C. Mittermayer and P. Attinger have established a score edition of the Sumerian composition “Enmerkara and Ensukukešdana” comprising all known texts. C. Wunsch outlines the inheritance law in Neo-Babylonian and early Achaemenid times, W. Meinhold the Old Babylonian laws of adoption and G. and H. Neumann the genesis of the horned cap of Mesopotamian gods. A. Fuchs demands to clearly differentiate between the three Sargons: the Akkadian Šarru(m)-kīn/kēn, the Old Assyrian Šarru-kīn and the Neo-Assyrian Šarru-ukīn. M. Krebernik presents a new “Dumuzi Inanna Song” of the Hilprecht collection.

Vorwort

Jana Matuszak: Konrad Volk – Eine Würdigung

Schriftenverzeichnis von Konrad Volk

Ariel M. Bagg: Das altmesopotamische Technikverständnis

Manuel Ceccarelli: Ein neuer An = Anum-Vorläufer und ein Siegel mit Lobpreis auf den Gott Enki

Gabriele Elsen-Novák – Mirko Novák: Eine kārum-zeitliche Route durch Kilikien? Ein Beitrag zu den mittelbronzezeitlichen Handelsrouten

Andreas Fuchs: Aufruf zur Eliminierung von „Sargon I.“ und Sargon „II.“ von Assyrien, sowie von „Sargon“ von Akkad

Uri Gabbay – Sam Mirelman: “Skipped Lines” (MU.MEŠ GU4.UD.MEŠ) in Balaĝ and Eršema Prayers

Alhena Gadotti – Alexandra Kleinerman: Between Tradition and Innovation. Two New Larsa Hymns in a Private Collection

Manfred Krebernik: Ein neues Dumuzi-Inanna-Lied aus der Hilprecht-Sammlung (HS 2940)

Stefan M. Maul: Der Segen von Bergen und Flüssen. Neues zum assyrischen tākultu-Ritual

Wiebke Meinhold: Zur Beendigung von Adoptionsverhältnissen in altbabylonischer Zeit. Der Fall des Ilī-u-Šamaš aus Nippur

Catherine Mittermayer – Pascal Attinger: Enmerkara und Ensukukešdana

Georg Neumann – Hans Neumann: Wer setzte den Göttern die Hörner(krone) auf? Einige weitere Überlegungen zur Genese der Hörnerkrone in Mesopotamien

Herbert Niehr: Zur Königsideologie der aramäischen Herrscher von Damaskus

Mathieu Ossendrijver: Scholars in the Footsteps of Kidin-Anu. On a Group of Colophons from Seleucid Uruk

David I. Owen: On the Mother of Šu-Suen. Another Confirmation

Peter Pfälzner – Betina Faist: Eine Geschichte der Stadt Mardama(n)

Walther Sallaberger: Zur Genese der mesopotamischen Götterwelt. Eine Auseinandersetzung mit Thorkild Jacobsens Central Concerns

Hanspeter Schaudig: Eine kalligraphische Stilübung à la Ḫammu-rāpi

Conrad Schmidt – Stephanie Döpper: Die Anfänge der Kupferproduktion in Oman und ihre Verbindung zu den archaischen Texten aus Uruk

Claus Wilcke: Zum Anfang der Hymne Lipit-Eštar B. Überlegungen zur Versstruktur

Cornelia Wunsch: Grundzüge des babylonischen Erbrechts in neubabylonischer und frühachämenidischer Zeit

Betina Faist offers a systematic presentation of the jurisprudence in the Neo-Assyrian period based on a detailed examination of the traditional cuneiform texts. The methodological starting point is the analysis of the linguistic design of the texts, the research of the relevant terms and expressions as well as the critical examination of the available sources with regard to their thematic significance. This philological-historical approach is supplemented by a comparison with other epochs of the cuneiform tradition and with other legal circles. The sources available come from the “living” law of the Assyrians. First and foremost, these are documents in Neo-Assyrian language and script that were written down in the context of the settlement and settlement of private legal disputes. These are characterized by their formal diversity, which sets them apart from the other major types of documents such as A distinction is made between sales contracts and debt certificates, which follow a uniform form. The jurisprudence documented in the procedural documents mainly concerns disputes under private law (“civil jurisdiction”). Legal disputes affecting public interests, d. H. relating to the king, the palace (as an institution) or the temples are not recorded, but are discussed in royal correspondence. From this finding a more or less conscious distinction between individual and collective interests, between injustice against a fellow human being and injustice against the “state”, between “private” and “public” law can be derived. In contrast, no distinction is made between private and criminal law.

An appendix offers editions of 14 exemplary texts. Extensive lists of the documents examined complete the study.

Abkürzungen / Allgemeine Abkürzungen / Bibliographische Abkürzungen 

1. Einleitung

    1.1 Auswahl des Themas 

    1.2 Ziel und Methode

    1.3 Aufbau der Arbeit

2. Das Quellenmaterial

    2.1 Der Textbestand 

    2.2 Die Typologie der Prozessurkunden

        2.2.1 Die Prozessurkunden nach ihrem Formular 

        2.2.2 Die Prozessurkunden nach ihrer Funktion

        2.2.3 Die Prozessurkunden nach ihrem Erscheinungsbild

        2.2.4 Die Prozessurkunden nach der assyrischen Terminologie 

3. Das Urkundenschema

4. Die Parteien und ihre Konflikte 

    4.1 Der soziale Hintergrund der Parteien

    4.2 Die Prozessfähigkeit von Frauen, Sklaven und Fremden

    4.3 Die Streitgegenstände

    4.4 Außergerichtliche Einigungen

5. Die Gerichtsorganisation 

    5.1 Die Richter 

    5.2 Die Rolle des Königs 

    5.3 Götter als Richter 

    5.4 Hilfspersonal

    5.5 Ort und Zeit des Gerichts 

6. Der Verfahrensablauf 

    6.1 Die Prozesseinleitung

    6.2 Das Erkenntnisverfahren

        6.2.1 Die Aussagen der Parteien

        6.2.2 Die Beweismittel 

            6.2.2.1 Zeugenbeweis

            6.2.2.2 Urkundenbeweis

            6.2.2.3 Eid 

            6.2.2.4 Gottesurteil (Ordal)

            6.2.2.5 Auf frischer Tat ertappt 

            6.2.2.6 Anscheinsbeweis 

            6.2.2.7 Geständnis 

    6.3 Die Streitbeilegung

7. Die Rechtsfolgen

    7.1 Charakterisierung 

    7.2 Vollstreckung 

    7.3 Anfechtung 

8. Abschließende Betrachtungen 

8.1 Zusammenfassung 

8.2 Prozessgrundsätze

8.3 Formen der Gerichtsbarkeit 

Anhang 1: Prozessurkunden aus Assur 

    Text 1: VAT 20374

    Text 2: VAT 9745

    Text 3: VAT 19169

    Text 4: VAT 20387

    Text 5: VAT 19493

    Text 6: VAT 20369

    Text 7: VAT 9312

    Text 8: VAT 9370

    Text 9: VAT 15579

    Text 10: VAT 19510

    Text 11: VAT 20398

    Text 12: VAT 20691

    Text 13: VAT 20792

    Text 14: VAT 20798

Anhang 2: Die Typologie der Prozessurkunden 

Anhang 3: Die Gerichtsorganisation 

Anhang 4: Die Datierung der Prozessurkunden 

Konkordanzen

    Konkordanz der Prozessurkunden in diesem Band 

    Konkordanz der Prozessurkunden in Jas 1996

Literatur 

Indizes 

1. Einführung

   1.1. Wirtschaftliche Grundlagen

   1.2. Naturräumliche Rahmenbedingungen

   1.3. Funktion und Funktionsweise offener Bewässerungssysteme

2. Bewässerung in keilschriftlichen Quellen des 4.-3. Jtsd. v. Chr.

   2.1. Späturuk/Uruk IV- und Djemdet Nasr/Uruk III-Zeit

   2.2. Frühdynastisch I/II-zeitliche Texte aus Ur

   2.3. Frühdynastisch IIIa- bzw. Fara-Zeit

   2.4. Bewässerung im Spiegel früher Keilschriftorthographie

   2.5. Frühdynastisch IIIb-zeitliche/präsargonische Texte aus Lagaš

      2.5.1. Herrscherinschriften aus Lagaš

      2.5.2. Verwaltungsurkunden aus Lagaš

      2.5.3. Forschungsstand

3. Die Elemente des Bewässerungssystems von Lagaš

   3.1. i7 „Fluss“, „(Primär-)Kanal“

      3.1.1. i7 in Herrscherinschriften

      3.1.2. i7 in Kanalbauurkunden

      3.1.3. Zusammenfassung

   3.2. (i7 ) niĝen6 ( k i ) -du „Der Kanal, der nach Niĝen geht“

   3.3. ĝeš-keše2 -ra2 „Regulator“

      3.3.1. Forschungsstand

      3.3.2. ĝeš-keše2 -ra2 in Herrscherinschriften

      3.3.3. Zusammenfassung

   3.4. Die „construction énigmatique“ von Tello/Ĝirsu

      3.4.1. Forschungsstand

      3.4.2. Zusammenfassung

   3.5. pa5 „(Sekundär-)Kanal“

      3.5.1. Forschungsstand

      3.5.2. pa5 in Herrscherinschriften

      3.5.3. pa5 in Kanalbauurkunden

      3.5.4. Zusammenfassung

   3.6. eg2 „(Kanal-)Deich“

      3.6.1. Forschungsstand

      3.6.2. eg2 in Herrscherinschriften

      3.6.3. eg2 in Kanalbauurkunden

      3.6.4. Zusammenfassung

   3.7. eg2 zi-DU „verstärkter Deich“

      3.7.1. Forschungsstand

      3.7.2. eg2 zi-DU in Kanalbauurkunden

      3.7.3. Zusammenfassung

   3.8. kab2-tar „Verteiler“

      3.8.1. Lesung

      3.8.2. Forschungsstand

      3.8.3. kab2 -tar in Kanalbauurkunden

      3.8.4. Zusammenfassung

   3.9. a-muš-ša4 „Schlangenwasser(-Kanal)“

      3.9.1. Forschungsstand

      3.9.2. Lesung

      3.9.3. a-muš-ša4 in Herrscherinschriften

      3.9.4. Zusammenfassung

   3.10. a-niĝen2 „Reservoir“

      3.10.1. Forschungsstand

      3.10.2. a-niĝen2 in Verwaltungstexten

      3.10.3. Zusammenfassung

   3.11. durunx „…“

      3.11.1. Forschungsstand

      3.11.2. durunx in Kanalbauurkundnen

      3.11.3. Zusammenfassung

   3.12. U3 „…“

      3.12.1. Forschungsstand

      3.12.2. U3 in Kanalbautexten

      3.12.3. Zusammenfassung

   3.13. Das Bewässerungssystem nach Herrscherinschriften und Kanalbauurkunden

4. Die Verwaltung und Organisation des Bewässerungssystems von Lagaš

   4.1. Die Kanalbauurkunden als Verwaltungsdokumente

      4.1.2. Forschungsstand

      4.1.3. Typologie und Funktion

      4.1.4. Zusammenfassung

   4.2. Die Liegenschaften in den Kanalbauurkunden

   4.3. Die Arbeitskräfte in den Kanalbauurkunden

      4.3.1. surx „(Arbeits-)Truppen“ ~ lu2 šuku dab5 -ba „Leute, die ein Versorgungslos übernommen haben“

      4.3.2. lu2 aša5 apin-la2 -ke-ne „Leute des Pachtfeldes“

      4.3.3. Zusammenfassung

   4.4. Die Organisation des Bewässerungssystems von Lagaš

5. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick

6. Die Kanalbauurkunden in Umschrift, Übersetzung und Kommentar (6.1. DP 568, 6.2. DP 572,  6.3. DP 614,  6.4. DP 615,  6.5. DP 616,  6.6. DP 617,  6.7. DP 622,  6.8. DP 623,  6.9. DP 624,  6.10. DP 625,  6.11. DP 626,  6.12. DP 627,  6.13. DP 628,  6.14. DP 630,  6.15. DP 634,  6.16. DP 636,  6.17. DP 637,  6.18. DP 638,  6.19. DP 639,  6.20. DP 640,  6.21. DP 641,  6.22. DP 642,  6.23. DP 44,  6.24. DP 645,  6.25. DP 646,  6.26. DP 647,  6.27. DP 648,  6.28. DP 652, 6.29. DP 653,  6.30. DP 654,  6.31. DP 655,  6.32. DP 656,  6.33. DP 657,  6.34. DP 658,  6.35. DP 659,  6.36. MVN 3, 11,  6.37. Nik. 1, 8,  6.38. TSA 23,  6.39. TSA 24,  6.40. VS 14, 100,  6.41. VS 14, 130,  6.42. VS 14, 187,  6.43. VS 25, 74, 6.44. VS 25, 77, 6.45. VS 25, 83, 6.46. VS 25, 84, 6.47. VS 25, 86, 6.48. VS 25, 97, 6.49. VS 25, 99, 6.50. VS 25, 100, 6.51. VS 25, 101, 6.52. VS 25, 103, 6.53. VS 25, 105, 6.54. VS 27, 23, 6.55. VS 27, 36, 6.56. VS 27, 96)

7. Umschriftkonventionen

8. Abkürzungen

9. Bibliographische Abkürzungen

10. Bibliographie

The aim of this study is to investigate the philosophy and the reasoning that transformed the plain historical fact of the destruction of the empire of the Third Dynasty of Ur under its king Ibbi-Sîn (ca. 2028–2004 BCE) into a balanced and logical model of crime and divine punishment in the course of Babylonian historiography. The study presents nearly 80 excerpts and new editions of Babylonian texts dealing with the fall of the “great city” under an “ill-starred king” by divine disfavour or wrath, among them full new editions of numerous historical omens, the Esaĝil Chronicle, the Book of Prodigies and the Religious Chronicle. It also contains excerpts from cultic lamentations, the Royal Correspondence of Ur, the Marduk Prophecy, Chronicle P, the Chedorlaomer Texts and various royal inscriptions.

Preface  

1. Introduction

    1.1. The Subject  

    1.2. History of Research  

    1.3. Method  

    1.4. Selecting the Sources

    1.5. Range of Topics

    1.6. Intentional History and Typification  

    1.7. Excursus: “Nebuchadnezzar”, Khosrau and Jerusalem  

2. Ibbi-Sîn King of Ur  

    2.1. General Outlines of Ibbi-Sîn’s Reign  

    2.2. Ibbi-Sîn’s Family Relations  

    2.3. Ibbi-Sîn’s Name and Titles

    2.4. Ibbi-Sîn’s End

3. The Figure of Išbi-Erra and Isin as Heiress of Ur

4. Destructions of Babylon and Abductions of Marduk  

    4.1. Divine Primacy of Agency

    4.2. The Abductions of Marduk  

    4.3. Ancient Explanations

5. The Formation of a Tradition  

    5.1. Isin’s Answer  

    5.2. Larsa’s Answer

6. The Tradition of the Historical Omens  

    6.1. The Ibbi-Sîn Omens  

    6.2. Excursus: The Element “Four” and the “Four Winds of Heaven”

    6.3. Excursus: The “Oracle of the Square Temple” at Jerusalem .

7. The Formation of a Rationale: The Esaĝil Chronicle  

    7.1. Sin and Sanction: Mirror Punishment  

    7.2. Sin and Sanction: Collective Punishment

    7.3. Historical Part

    7.4. The Abuse of the Fish Offering of Marduk

8. More Disaster: The Religious Chronicle & The Book of Prodigies  

    8.1. The Tower of Babel: When Adad smote Etemenanki  

    8.2. The Tower of Babel: Jewish-Babylonian Traditions  

9. Periodicity of Disasters?

10. The Impact of the Compositions on Politics

    10.1. Sargon II and Marduk-apla-iddina II: The New Ibbi-Sîn?  

    10.2. Aššurbanipal and Bēl-ēṭir: The New Utu-ḫeĝal?

    10.3. Nebuchadnezzar II and the Fish Offering of Marduk

    10.4. The Sins of Nabonidus  

    10.5. Dareios and the Fall of Babylon  

    10.6. Xerxes and the Statue of Marduk

11. The Participants  

    11.1. The Gods

    11.2. Kings and Priests

    11.3. The People  

        A. ṣābū kidinni “The Privileged Citizens (of a Babylonian City)”

        B. nammaššû “The People (of Babylonia)”

        C. ṣalmāt qaqqadi “The Black-Headed (People)”

    11.4. The Enemy  

        A. Elam and Šimaški  

        B. Gutium and the Ummān-Manda  

        C. The Subhuman Barbarians from the Eastern Mountains  

12. Summary: Explaining Disaster  

Edition of the Sources

    1. Early and Middle Second Millennium

        Source 1: Excerpts from CKU no. 22B & 24: The Wrath of Enlil

        Source 2: Excerpt from CKU no. 23: Išbi-Erra’s Brazenness

        Source 3: Excerpt from CKU no. 24: Ibbi-Sîn’s Error (ISO 1)

        Source 4: Excerpts from the Lament for Sumer and Ur

        Source 5: Excerpt from a Lamentation: Ibbi-Sîn died at Anšan  

        Source 6: Excerpts from the Lament for Uruk  

        Source 7: Excerpt from the Lament for Ur  

        Source 8: Excerpts from the Lament for Eridu

        Source 9: Excerpts from the Lament for Nippur

        Source 10: Inscriptions & Year Names: Šu-ilīšu & the Return of Nanna

        Source 11: Omen: The Fall of Akkade

        Source 12: Omen of Ibbi-Sîn (ISO 2)

        Source 13: Omen of Ibbi-Sîn (ISO 3)

        Source 14: Omen of Ibbi-Sîn (ISO 4)

        Source 15: Omen of Išbi-Erra of Isin (IEO 1)  

        Source 16: Omen of Išbi-Erra of Isin (IEO 2)  

        Source 17: Omen of Ku-Baʾu (KBO 1)  

        Source 18: Omen of Ku-Baʾu (KBO 2)  

        Source 19: Omen of Ku-Baʾu (KBO 3)  

        Source 20: Omen of Ibbi-Sîn (ISO 5)

        Source 21: Omen of Ibbi-Sîn (ISO 6)

        Source 22: Omens of Ibbi-Sîn (ISO 7, ISO 8, ISO 9)

        Source 23: Omen: The Fall of Akkade . 304

        Source 24: Omen of Ibbi-Sîn (ISO 10)

        Source 25: Omen of Ibbi-Sîn (ISO 11)

        Source 26: Omen of Ibbi-Sîn (ISO 12)

        Source 27: Omen of Amar-Sîn of Ur (ASO 1)

        Source 28: Omens of Amar-Sîn of Ur (ASO 2, ASO 3, ASO 4)  

    2. Late Second and First Millennium  

        Source 29: Omen of Ibbi-Sîn (ISO 13)

        Source 30: Omen of Utu-ḫeĝal  

        Source 31: Shalmaneser I and the Soil of Arinnu  

        Source 32: Nebuchadnezzar I and the Wrath of Marduk

        Source 33: The Misdeeds of Šutruk-Naḫḫunte I and Kutir-Naḫḫunte II

        Source 34: Excerpts from the Marduk Prophecy

        Source 35: The Esaĝil Chronicle

        Source 36: The Book of Prodigies: Omens of Ibbi-Sîn (ISO 14) & Ku-Baʾu (KBO 4)  

        Source 37: The Religious Chronicle

        Source 38: Excerpts from a Political Letter Quoting Omens of Disaster

        Source 39: Excerpt from the Poem of Erra

        Source 40: Omen of Ku-Baʾu (KBO 5)

        Source 41: Omen of Ku-Baʾu (KBO 6)

        Source 42: Omen of Ku-Baʾu (KBO 7)

        Source 43: Omen of Ku-Baʾu (KBO 8)

        Source 44: Chronicle of Early Kings: Sargon of Akkade & the Soil of Babylon

        Source 45: Omen of Sargon of Akkade: The Soil of Babylon

        Source 46: Sennacherib and the Soil of Babylon

        Source 47: Aššurbanipal and the Soil of Elamite Cities  

        Source 48: Chronicle of Early Kings: The Sins of Šulgi

        Source 49: Chronicle from Uruk: The Sins of Šulgi

        Source 50: Omen of Amar-Sîn of Ur (ASO 5)  

        Source 51: Omen of Amar-Sîn of Ur (ASO 6)  

        Source 52: Omen of Ibbi-Sîn (ISO 15)

        Source 53: Omen dealing with the Element “Four”

        Source 54: Omen of Ibbi-Sîn (ISO 16)

        Source 55: Omen: Devastation of Ur and of the Land

        Source 56: Omen: Devastation of Ur and of the Land

        Source 57: Omen: The Wrath of Marduk  

        Source 58: Omen: Devastation of Babylonia  

        Source 59: Omen: Disaster for the King of Babylonia

        Source 60: Omen: Disaster for the King of Babylonia

        Source 61: Omen of Ibbi-Sîn (ISO 17)

        Source 62: Omen of Ibbi-Sîn (ISO 18)

        Source 63: Omen of Ibbi-Sîn (ISO 19)

        Source 64: Omen of Ibbi-Sîn (ISO 20)

        Source 65: Omen of Ibbi-Sîn (ISO 21)

        Source 66: Omen of Ibbi-Sîn (ISO 22)

        Source 67: Omen of [Ibbi-Sîn] (ISO 23)  

        Source 68: Omen of Išbi-Erra of Isin (IEO 3)

        Source 69: Omen of Išbi-Erra of Isin (IEO 4)

        Source 70: Letter of Samsu-iluna: The Sins of the Priests of Babylonia

        Source 71: Chronicle P: Crimes & Punishment of Tukultī-Ninurta I  

        Source 72: Chedorlaomer Texts: Crimes & Punishment of Wicked Kings  

        Source 73: Diary: Xerxes I is killed by his Son

        Source 74: Esarhaddon: The Sins of the Babylonians

        Source 75: Excerpts from the Babylonian Chronicle

        Source 76: Assyrian Prophecy: Marduk’s Mercy

        Source 77: Nebuchadnezzar II and the Fishes for Marduk

Glossary

    Akkadian  

        Non-lemmatic  

        Cardinal Numbers

        Complex Cardinal Numbers  

        Ordinal Numbers

        Month Names

    Sumerian  

    Divine Names

    Temple Names

    Temple Gates

    Personal Names.

    Geographical and Ethnographical Names  

    City Gates

    Rivers and Canals  

List of Figures

Abbreviations

Bibliography

Indices