This volume and the series 'Muziris', of which it is the beginning, have their origins in the observation that the cultural, social and economic history of the Ancient World is receiving increasing attention in contemporary research, but there are still research gaps are to be identified. These gaps result from two deficiencies: On the one hand, the inclusion of the rich documentary and archaeological source material is still inadequate. On the other hand, an attempt is rarely made to look beyond epochs, disciplines or supposed geographical and cultural 'boundaries'.

This is where the focus in this volume on economic activity between the Mediterranean, the Indian Ocean, the Ancient Orient and the Far East in antiquity begins. At the workshop 'Trade and Seafaring in the Red Sea, Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean in Antiquity' held in May 2021, this large region and the sea and land trade routes connecting it were examined in the period from the third millennium BC. until the third century AD. from the perspective of different ancient studies disciplines. In addition to the literary sources, the focus was particularly on historical papyrology and epigraphy, but a lot of space was also given to numismatic and archaeological material. In all contributions and discussions, an attempt was made to also take into account the culture-specific value and rule systems that are evident in the sources in the context of economic activities in this area. In addition, a longue durée perspective was developed in order to be able to recognize and discuss structural development processes as well as continuities of cultural, infrastructural or economic connections.

Stefan Baumann, Kerstin Droß-Krüpe, Sebastian Fink, Sven Günther & Patrick Reinard: Vorwort

Noah Kröll & Sebastian Fink: Der Indienhandel Mesopotamiens: Ein Überblick

Stefan Baumann: Seafaring on the Red Sea in Pharaonic Times: A Critical Overview and Synthesis

Sven Günther: Patterns or Topoi? Modes of Socio-Economic Behavior of the Seres as Perceived by Greek and Latin Sources in Augustan Times

Patrick Reinard: Die römischen Infrastrukturmaßnahmen in der östlichen Wüste und der Indienhandel

Kerstin Droß-Krüpe: ex India rediens hic fuit – Dokumentarische Quellen zu den Akteuren im römischen Rotmeerhandel von Augustus bis in die severische Zeit

Leonardo Gregoratti: Ommana and the Parthian/Characenian Thalassocracy

Eivind Heldaas Seland: Palmyra and the Indian Ocean

Wu Tong: A “Progressivism” Adaption: Diodorus Siculus on the Erythraean Primitive Economy, Exploitations, and “Noble Savages”

Quellen / Sources

Index 

The volume is dedicated to the ‘supporting characters’ in the history of Egyptology who are not often in the limelight. This is not intended to work to the detriment of the lead actors, nor is the intention to politicize disciplinary history. Rather, it is meant as an appreciation and recognition of the range of agents involved, and relationships within their networks. Rendering disciplinary history more inclusive is a long process. The case-studies assembled in this volume do not aspire to represent the complete range of possible stakeholders. Instead, it is intended to open-out the discourse, and to demonstrate various modes in which individuals have advanced research into ancient Egypt. To cite but two ‘marginalized’ groups, women have often been presented as subservient spirits, assisting their Egyptologist-husbands, with perhaps the concession that ‘behind every great man there has to be a great woman’. For a long time all-but-excluded from academia, such individuals’ contributions have been disregarded. Second, exclusion from academia was also the fate of most early Egyptian Egyptologists. Within the frame of post-colonial studies, they have only recently garnered serious attention. Yet, even then, the paradigm of ‘Western’ disciplinary history has been replicated, concentrating on the outstanding figures and lead players in the field, often to the detriment of lesser-known scholars, officials, and local actors such as the Quftis and workmen. This volume is thus not meant to criticise previous endeavours in the recent development of disciplinary history but, rather, as a constructive contribution or complement to these. We cannot make amends for past implicit slights, or restore a person’s role in the history of Egyptology to its ‘rightful place’, but the aim is to broaden the perspective of the history of Egyptology, while at the same time paying more attention to its diversity.

Editors’ Foreword: From ‘Giants’ to addressing diversity

Pioneers & Polymaths

Andreas Alm: Valdemar Schmidt and the foundation of Egyptology in Denmark

Wolf B. Oerter: Wien – Prag – Wien – Philadelphia: Nathaniel Julius Reich (1876–1943), der rastlose Wanderer

Isolde Lehnert: An independent scholar and collector: Ludwig Keimer in Egypt

Vincent Oeters: Frans Jonckheere: A Proactive Pioneer in the Study of Ancient Egyptian Medicine

Thomas L. Gertzen: ‘Not the button on Fortuna’s cap’: The Egyptologist and Celtologist Ludwig Julius Christian Stern (1846–1911)

The female perspective

Hélène Virenque: Hermine Hartleben: Une vie et une œuvre au service de l’égyptologie allemande et française

Nicky Van de Beek: Braving the odds: Egyptologist Herta Mohr during the Second World War

Peter Dils: Dr. Hildegard von Deines (1902–1978): Ägyptologin im zweiten Leben

The Egyptian perspective

Nora Shalaby, Ayman Damarany & Jessica Kaiser: A Nazir and an Effendi: Glimpses from the Abydos Paper Archive

Mostafa I. Tolba: On the Trail of Ahmed Fakhry: The Legacy of an Egyptian Archaeologist 

Ladislav Bareš: Sixty years of the el-Kereti family at Abusir

Felix Relats Montserrat: Les ouvriers de Médamoud: Le fonctionnement d’un chantier français en Égypte au début du XXe siècle

Marleen De Meyer, Wouter Claes, Noha M.A. Mahran, Athena Van der Perre, Aude Grâzer Ohara: Working with Capart: Quftis and local workmen during the Elkab excavation seasons, 1937–1946

Individuals and Encounters

Rosalind Janssen: Anthropometry beyond UCL: Measuring the Egyptian Fellahin, c. 1900

Heike C. Schmidt: The ‘little Brugsch’: The life and adventures of Emile Brugsch

Bart R. Hellinckx: Fritz Krebs (1867–1900): Forgotten école de Berlin Egyptologist and pioneer papyrologist

Wendy Doyon: Xia Nai’s Egypt in the Archaeology of China: Field Workers and Field Methods in Xia Nai’s Diary at Armant, Egypt, 1938

Thais Rocha da Silva: Ancient Egypt in Africa: Why it matters to Brazilian Egyptology

Alexandre Loktionov: From class foes to the upper class: Diverse paths to fame and fortune in Soviet Egyptology

Illustration Credits

Index

The festschrift “I Passed over Difficult Mountains” is dedicated to the Assyriologist Mario Liverani. Twenty contributions explore a wide range of historical, philological and archaeological topics related to the Ancient Near East. Among others E. von Dassow focusses on “Oriental Despotism, the Enlightenment’s Evil Twin”. F.M. Fales studies “Assurbanipal’s Letters to the Babylonian Citizens”. “Hittite Historical Geography” is dealt with by St. de Martino. P. Matthiae is looking for “Adapa at Khorsabad” while Y. Cohen distinguishes scribal hands in Amarna tablets and L. Mori examines “Public Land in Late Bronze Age Ekalte”.

Prefazione

Silvia Alaura / Marco Bonechi: “The Heroic Age of Assyriology”: An Unpublished Manuscript of Archibald H. Sayce at The Queen’s College, Oxford

Emanuele Marcello Ciampini: In Search of Meaning: Ramesses II in his Court of the Luxor Temple

Yoram Cohen: Three Amarna Notes: Scribal Training, Scribal Hands and Tablet Provenance

Lorenzo d’Alfonso: City-States, Canton States, Monarchy and Aristocracy: The Political Landscape of the Early Iron Age in Central Anatolia within the Context of the Eastern Mediterranean (11th–9th century BCE)

Stefano de Martino: The Materiality of the Cuneiform Tablets and the Puzzle of the Hittite Historical Geography

Francesco Di Filippo: The “Eastern Turkey in Asia”: A Digital Edition of the Map Series IDWO 1522

Savino di Lernia: Archaeology in the Sahara: Before and after the “Arab Spring”

Frederick Mario Fales: Factions, Fictions and Frictions: Assurbanipal’s Letters to the Babylonian Citizens

Massimiliano Marazzi / Natalia Bolatti Guzzo: Some Reflections on the Nişantaş Inscription and Related Issues

Paolo Matthiae: Adapa at Khorsabad: Interpreting the “Grand Royal Emblem”

Clelia Mora: Barley and Sheep in Kululu (Central Anatolia, late 8th century BC)

Lucia Mori: The “Fields of the Town”: On the Shape of Public Land in Late Bronze Age Ekalte

Davide Nadali: Different Degrees of Empathy: On the Mobility of Images in Ancient Mesopotamia

Frances Pinnock: Some Thought about the Tell Halaf Reliefs: A Neo-Syrian Cycle of Carvings between Tradition and Innovation

Simonetta Ponchia / Giovanni B. Lanfranchi: Peering through the Door: A Note on the Functions and Relations of the atû in Neo-Assyrian Society

Beate Pongratz-Leisten: Myth and Politics Continued: The Ideological Discourse of Lagash and Ebla on a Cultural Continuum

Lorenzo Verderame: “Canine Instincts and Monkeys’ Features”: Animal and Demonic Traits in the Construction of “Otherness” in Sumerian Literature

Juan-Pablo Vita / Andrés Diego Espinel: Glosses in three El-Amarna Letters (EA 107, 108 and 124)

Eva von Dassow: Oriental Despotism, the Enlightenment’s Evil Twin

Carlo Zaccagnini: Ištēnūtu, tāpalu and ṣimittu: Accounting and Material Culture in the Near East

The 17 essays gathered in this festschrift celebrate the scholarship of Bruno Jacobs. While the range of topics in these essays is extensive, most relate to the Achaemenid world. They represent the diversity of Achaemenid studies as a discipline that Bruno Jacobs enriched with his many contributions and sparkling ideas. Some papers move beyond the Achaemenid period, notably the contribution on Parthian and Elymaean countermarks (S.R. Hauser), and acknowledge the breadth of Bruno Jacob’s research interests, which extend from Greece to eastern Iran, span the Mediterranean Bronze Age to the Roman period, and concern the disciplines of history, archaeology, art history, religion, and Iranology. Among others, M.C. Root examines “Medes and Iranian identity in the Achaemenid social imaginary” as represented in the Persepolis Apadana, while J. Wiesehöfer focusses on “Greek exiles in the Achaemenid Empire” and Chr. J. Tuplin on “The place of Cyropaedia in Xenophon’s oeuvre”. The “winged symbol in Persepolitan glyptic” is debated by M.B. Garrison and the roles of gold and wine in Herodotus’ depiction of the Persians by R. Bichler and K. Ruffing.

Mark B. Garrison & Wouter F.M. Henkelman: Introduction

Bruno Jacobs, publications 1982–2021 

Wolfgang Messerschmidt: Vor dem Weltreich: Ältere Reichsbildungen und Staaten als politische und administrative Wegbereiter für die Achaemeniden

Margaret Cool Root: Medes and Iranian identity in the Achaemenid social imaginary: The Persepolis Apadana

Ellen Rehm: Antike lokale Imitation oder moderne Fälschung? Bemerkungen zu einer Phiale aus dem ‚Lydischen Schatz‘

Astrid Nunn & Zsolt Simon:  Zwei Armreife mit karischer Inschrift aus der Archäologischen Staatsammlung in München

Jan Tavernier: Two inscribed objects kept in the National Museum of Antiquities (Leiden)

Mark B. Garrison: Some observations on a scene involving the winged symbol in Persepolitan glyptic

Wouter F.M. Henkelman: Irdumartiya and the chiliarchies: The contemporaneity of the Persepolis Fortification and Treasury archives and its implications

Stefan R. Hauser: Countermarks on coins from Mesene

Margaretha Folmer: Characteristics of the Aramaic of the Akhvamazdā letters from ancient Bactria

Daniel T. Potts: Achaemenid Kurmana

Josef Wiesehöfer: Greek exiles in the Achaemenid Empire: A case of divided loyalties?

Sabine Müller: Blood runs in the family: Artabazos and the resistance to the Macedonian invasion

Kai Trampedach: Vor und nach Alexander: Die Konstruktion griechischer Gründungslegenden in Kilikien und Phoinikien

Margaret C. Miller: The Persian kypassis in Classical Athens

Christopher J. Tuplin: A jewel in the crown: Reflections on the place of Cyropaedia in Xenophon’s oeuvre

Reinhold Bichler & Kai Ruffing: Gold und Wein in Herodots Perser-Bild

Robert Rollinger & Kordula Schnegg: Die Frau als Aggressorin im Krieg: Geschlechterrollen in Text und Bild zwischen Orient und Okzident

Index

The festschrift "From Elephantine to Ugarit" is published following the symposium held in honor of Hanna Jenni on 12-13. April 2019 in Basel. The symposium and the present volume, which has been expanded to include further contributions, reflect the great diversity of Hanna Jenni's research interests. The contributions encompass Egyptological, Coptological, Hebrew and Semitic topics; among others: the Khoiak festival in the temple of Karnak in the time of Amenhotep III (R. Gautschy); acts of naming in the biblical story of creation (B. Puvaneswaran); Proverbs 22.17–24.22 as Hebrew wisdom teaching  from ancient Juda (M. Saur); and politeness in Coptic culture (M. Müller).

Ein Rückblick zum Einstieg

Schriftenverzeichnis von Hanna Jenni

Helge Bezold: Völker, die zu Juden werden? Zur Bedeutung des Hitpa‘el-Partizips מתיהדים in Est 8,17

Rita Gautschy: Timed Events in the Temple of Karnak The Khoiak Festival in the Times of Amenhotep III

Fabian Wespi: Demotisch „kennen“ und „können“. Bemerkungen zur Schreibung von rḫ „wissen, können“ im Demotischen

Ido Koch: A New Kingdom Scarab from Tel Azekah, Israel, Depicting a Nursing Gazelle

Stephen Germany: Die „alten“ Hebräer und die Anfänge des Königtums. Komposition, Funktion und Datierung der „Hebräer“-Passagen in 1 Samuel

Nesina Grütter: Eine forschungsgeschichtliche Leberschau-Ente. Keine Lehnübersetzung einer akkadischen idiomatischen Wendung in Ez 21,26

Markus Saur: Proverbien 22,17–24,22 – eine hebräische Lehre aus dem antiken Juda

Hans-Peter Mathys: Fälschungen

Brinthanan Puvaneswaran: Nominatio rerum. Akte der Namensgebung in der biblischen Urgeschichte

Pascal Vernus: La cataphore dans la prédication de qualité (« Adjectival Predicate »). De l’Ancien au Néo-égyptien

Matthias Müller: Politeness in Coptic. With an Appendix on a Coptic Business Letter Found at Elephantine

Susanne Bickel: „Zentrum und Peripherie“ im ägyptischen Neuen Reich? Zur Tragweite eines Modells

Sachindex

This commemorative publication for the Old Testament scholar Herbert Niehr (Tübingen) brings together 23 contributions that deal with the texts of the Old Testament from an exegetical or religious-historical perspective, as well as contributions that go “beyond the Old Testament” and examine the West Semitic cultural area philologically, iconographically and archaeologically and take a look at the so-called “environment of the Old Testament”. This takes into account Herbert Niehr's broad professional focus, whose research focuses on philology, history, literary history and religious history of ancient West Semitic cultures.

Vorwort

Schriftenverzeichnis Herbert Niehr

Maria Giulia Amadasi Guzzo: A silver bowl with a Phoenician inscription 

Walter Ameling: Zur Begründung einer christlichen Erinnerungslandschaft in Palaestina. Gelehrte, Mönche, Priester

Angelika Berlejung: Amulett oder Weihgabe? Zur Verbindung von Form und Inschrift bei einigen „Amulett-förmigen“ Texten des 1. Jahrtausends v. Chr.

Klaus Bieberstein: Zwischen Skylla und Charybdis. Jerusalem in der Späten Bronzezeit und frühen Eisenzeit

Erhard Blum – Walter Groß: Beobachtungen zu Syntax und Pragmatik des Beschwerdeschreibens von Meṣad Ḥašavyahu

Dominik Bonatz: Gerçin Höyük in Südost-Anatolien. Ein archäologisches Dornröschen

Corinne Bonnet: « Pour toujours Betochichi ! » Le dieu (de) Baitokaikè et ses multiples appellations

Janca Brenner: Prestige und Habitus in Kuntillet ʿAǧrud und Samaria. Zur Ikonographie der Elfenbeine, Pithos-Zeichnungen und Wandmalereien

Izak Cornelius: Le Carnaval des Animaux. The Material Imagery of Animals on the Small Orthostats at Tell Halaf

Oliver Dyma: Der gesalbte Hohepriester

Virginia R. Herrmann: The Winged Disk and Lotus. Levantine Regenerative Motifs on the Banquet Steles of Samʾal

Ulrich Hübner: Eine frühbronzezeitliche Leopardenfalle auf Umm Saisabān/Petra-Region, Jordanien. Bemerkungen zur kulturhistorischen Bedeutung von Leoparden in Palästina (und Syrien)

Bernd Janowski: „Mein Leben hat die Unterwelt berührt“ (Ps 88,4). Eine Skizze zu den Unterweltsvorstellungen des Alten Testaments

Dagmar Kühn – Robert Wenning: Aspekte westsemitischer Königsideologie bei den Nabatäern

Martin Leuenberger: Friedvolle Völkereinbürgerung in Zion. Die nachexilische Zionstheologie von Ps 87

Achim Lichtenberger: Apollon in Tyros

Susanne Maier: Edelmetalle und Edelsteine in der Südlevante von der Späten Bronze- bis zur Frühen Eisenzeit

Valentina Melchiorri – Paolo Xella: Cremated animal remains in Phoenician Tophet-sanctuaries. Some ritual and ideological implications

Christophe Nihan: „Die Töchter deines Volkes, die aus ihrem eigenen Herzen heraus prophezeien …“. Therapeutik und Hexerei in Ez 13,17–23

Mirko Novák: A Short Reflection on Funeral Customs in Gōzāna (Tall Ḥalaf)

Thomas Römer: Das Verschwinden der Bundeslade und das Aufkommen des Bilderverbots

Hélène Sader: A New Phoenician Cult: The Tell el-Burak Evidence

Anne-Maria Wittke: König Ḫartapus und das Land Mušku

Abkürzungen

B. Schneider provides a history and account of the Nippur ziqqurrat and its excavation - with a focus on discussing the various structures of the ziqqurrat. An introductory chapter (Chapter I) describes the geographical location of Nippur. A detailed history of the excavation at the Tell of the Ziqqurrat, called Bint el-Amir, forms Chapter II. Of particular interest is the surviving documentation of the various excavation campaigns of the 19th and 20th centuries within the archives in Philadelphia and Jena. This proved to be an indispensable preparatory work for the description of the structures of the most recent ziqqurrat period (Chapter III), which is the actual focus of this work. As a concluding overview, a provisional interpretation and a relative classification of the structures described is given (Chapter IV). This chapter primarily serves to illustrate the current state of research and does not represent a final result. Chapter V is devoted to the question of the reconstruction of the ziqqurrat of the 1st millennium, including a summary of the areas that still need to be clarified by follow-up investigations in this context. – Numerous photographs and drawings both of the excavations and of the current state illustrate the representation.

Danksagungen

Vorwort

Abkürzungen und Begriffe

Liste der unpublizierten Belege und Abbildungen 

I. Zur Lage und Topographie von Nippur

II. Ausgrabungsgeschichte an der Ziqqurrat (Bint el-Amir) in Nippur und damit verbundene Quellenlage 

1 Ausgrabungen Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts

2 Die Ausgrabungen der University of Pennsylvania gegen Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts (1888–1900)

3 Dokumentationsstand und Grabungsfortschritt am Bint el-Amir während der ersten vier Kampagnen 

Einschränkungen der Arbeit

I. Kampagne: 1888–1889 

II. Kampagne: 1890 

III. Kampagne: 1893–1896

IV. Kampagne: 1898–1900

4 Die Bewertung der neuen Quellen zur Ziqqurrat von Nippur aus dem Archiv des University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, PA

5 Die Bewertung der unpublizierten Fotos

6 Zustandsaufnahmen am Bint el-Amir nach 1900 (1919–2008)

7 Die Ausgrabungen am Bint el-Amir durch die „Joint Expedition“ des University Museum, Philadelphia, und des Oriental Institute, Chicago, nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg

III. Die Baukörper der jüngsten Ziqqurrat 

1 Vorbemerkungen 

2 Die Baukörperbeschreibung

A. Das gebrannte Mauerwerk der jüngsten Ziqqurrat-Periode am Bint el-Amir 

A.1 Das gegliederte Mauerwerk aus gebrannten Ziegeln

A.1.1 Oberer Teil des gegliederten Mauerwerks aus gebrannten Ziegeln (mit A.1.1.1) 

A.1.2 Unterer Teil des gegliederten Mauerwerks aus gebrannten Ziegeln (mit A.1.2.1 – A.1.2.6)

A.1.3 Mauerwerk unterhalb des gegliederten Mauerwerks (A.1.2)

A.1.4 Späterer Anbau an die NO-Außenseite der Ziqqurrat 

A.1.5 Spätere Bautätigkeiten im NO von NW-Rücksprung 7 

A.1.6 Spätere Bautätigkeiten im SW von NW-Rücksprung 7

A.1.7 Jüngeres Mauerwerk an der SW-Seite

A.1.8 Sockelartiger Anbau an A.1.2 (bei Abbruch A.1.2.6), von SW-Vorsprung IV bis SW-Vorsprung V am S-Eck

A.1.9 Sockelartiger Anbau an der SW-Seite (unter A.1.3.1) 

B. Das Mauerwerk der jüngsten Ziqqurrat aus ungebrannten Lehmziegeln am Bint el-Amir 

B.1 Der Lehmziegelbaukörper hinter A.1.2 

C. Abwasserschacht an der NO-Seite 

C.1 Der Abwasserschacht an der NO-Seite

C.2 Älterer Abwasserschacht mit Assurbanipal-Ziegel 

D. Abwasserschacht an der SW-Seite 

D.1 Der Bereich um den älteren Abwasserschacht an der SW-Seite

E. Die Mitteltreppe an der SO-Seite der Ziqqurrat

F. Mauerwerk am O-Eck der Ziqqurrat 

F.1 Das jüngere Mauerwerk am O-Eck 

F.1.1 Jüngstes Mauerwerk an der SO-Seite (NO-Hälfte)

F.1.2 Mauerwerk über F.1.3 an der SO-Seite (O-Eck)

F.1.3 Überbauung der älteren NO-Seitentreppe und Anbindung an NO-Vorsprung I (A.1.2)

F.1.4 Verschlussmauer der älteren NO-Seitentreppe

G. Mauerwerk am S-Eck der Ziqqurrat 

G.1 Mauerwerk am S-Eck über der älteren SW-Seitentreppe 

IV. Interpretation und Datierungsversuch der Ziqqurrat von Nippur im 1. Jahrtausend v.Chr.

1 Ausrichtung der Ziqqurrat

2 Aufgangsmöglichkeiten an der SO-Seite 

3 Zu den einzelnen Bauphasen der Ziqqurrat von Bauperiode I 

3.1 Bauphase 1: Fundamentierungsarbeiten 

3.2 Bauphase 2: Errichtung des gegliederten Mauerwerks 

3.3 Bauphase 3: Erneuerung des gegliederten Mauerwerks

3.4 Bauphase 4: Verstärkungen durch Sockelmauerwerk an SW-, NW- und NO-Seite 

3.5 Datierungsversuch von Bauphase 3 und Bauphase 4

4 Zum sogenannten „Assurbanipal-Pflaster“

5 Zu den sogenannten „Aparna“-/Flugsand-Ablagerungen am O-Eck der Ziqqurrat 

6 „Rude pottery cups“ als Leitfund für das Ende der Nutzung des älteren Abwasserschachts bei D sowie für die NO-Hälfte des „Assurbanipal-Pflasters“ bei D (Ziqqurrat-Bauperiode II) 

7 Überlegungen zu den Bauarbeiten gegen Ende von Ziqqurrat-Bauperiode II 

7.1 Die Bautätigkeiten von Asarhaddon und Assurbanipal (Ziqqurrat-Bauperiode II) nach den Bauinschriften 

7.2 Datierungsversuch der letzten Phase (Assurbanipal) der Ziqqurrat-Bauperiode II 

8 Laufzeit der Ziqqurrat-Bauperiode I und datierbare Funde

9 Der Weg vom „Sakralbau“ zum „Profanbau“? 

9.1 Eine fortifikatorische Nutzung des Ekur? 

9.2 Einige Aufschlüsse über spätere Bautätigkeiten 

V. Ausblick: Ansätze zur Rekonstruktion der Ziqqurrat des 1. Jahrtausends und Auflistung einiger dafür noch zu klärender Bereiche am Bint el-Amir 

1 Ansätze zur Rekonstruktion

1.1 Ausmaße der Ziqqurrat 

1.2 Drei Stufen der Ziqqurrat?

1.3 Unterste erhaltene Stufe der Ziqqurrat

2 Noch durch Nachuntersuchungen zu klärende Bereiche 

2.1 Die Ziqqurrat-Stufen 

2.2 Die Seitentreppen

2.3 Abweichungen in der Außenwandgliederung 

2.4 Bereich um NW-Rücksprung 7

2.5 Untersuchungen um das N-Eck 

2.6 Das obere Lehmziegelmauerwerk 

2.7 Weitergehende Materialuntersuchungen 

3 Bauwerkserhaltung an der Ziqqurrat: Vorschlag von Notmaßnahmen aufgrund von Erosion und Ziegelraub seit 1900 

VI. Abschließende Bemerkungen

Abbildungen

Konsultierte Archive inklusive Auflistung verwendeter Inventarlisten 

Bibliographie 

Farbtafeln

28 articles have been assembled to celebrate the 80th birthday of the Assyriologist Simo Parpola. In accordance with his focus of interest many contributions deal with history, culture, language, religious aspects and archaeology of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The horizon of the festschrift is broadened by studies on Babylonian and Achaemenid topics.

Raija Mattila / Robert Rollinger / Sebastian Fink: Introduction

Bibliography of the Publications of Simo Parpola since 2008  

Tzvi Abusch: A Further Note on Maqlû III 1–30: Another Example of a First Person Ritual Description in a Maqlû Incantation

Selim Ferruh Adalı: Sin-iddinam’s Royal Inscription Schøyen MS 5000 and the Umman-manda

Amar Annus: Memory Techniques and Synaesthesia among Mesopotamian Scholars

Sanna Aro: Thureau-Dangin, Šamšī-ilu and the Lions of Til Barsip: Some Remarks

Johannes Bach: Aššur-da’’in-aplu, the Older and the Younger

Ariel M. Bagg: The Good Vassal: Edom under the Assyrians

Edward Dąbrowa: The Babylonian Astronomical Diaries as a Source for the History of the Arsacids

Stefania Ermidoro: Hidden in Plain Sight: The ‘Firing Holes’ on Ashurbanipal’s Prisms

Betina Faist: A Neo-Assyrian Riddle

Salvatore Gaspa: The Western Trade Scenario and Assyria’s Economic Policy

Aino Hätinen: Šubši-mešrê-Šakkan and his Gods: On Personal Deities in Ludlul bēl nēmeqi

Hartmut Kühne: Considerations about the Localization of Eluḫat (Eluḫut) on the Upper Tigris

Mikko Luukko: Some Remarks on the King of Assyria as the Sun God

John MacGinnis: Earthquakes in Assyria

Maria Grazia Masetti-Rouault: “Why Me?” or “To Be or Not to Be”: Prince Kumma’s Netherworld Vision as an Aspect of Esarhaddon’s Apologetic Creations

Natalie Naomi May: Neo-Assyrian Eunuch-Scholars

Daniele Morandi Bonacossi: An Itinerant Tribute-Bearer’s Head from Sargon II’s Palace at Khorsabad

Davide Nadali: Live Sketches? Convention vs Realism in Assyrian Art

Martti Nissinen: Male Action in Akkadian and Hebrew Love Poetry

Takayoshi M. Oshima: Acting Out Suffering: The Rationale Behind Šubši-mešrê-Šakkan’s “Funerary” Rite in Ludlul II and V

Beate Pongratz-Leisten: Gilgamesh’s Lapis Lazuli Tablet in the Cultural Memory of Ancient Mesopotamia

Julian Edgeworth Reade: Mountaineers in Mesopotamia

Saana Svärd: “A rose by any other name …”: A note on writing conventions of Aššur and Ištar

Krzysztof Ulanowski: The Concept of Just War in the Ancient Mesopotamian and Greek Traditions

Matt Waters: SAA 21 134 and the Curious Case of Teispes(?) the šūt rēši

Agnieszka Wojciechowska: Cambyses and Artaxerxes III in Egypt: Literary Topos and beyond

Shigeo Yamada: The Šulgi Prophecy in the Kassite and Neo-Assyrian Periods: A Consideration of the Original Composition and its Later Reception

Shana Zaia: Plan B(abylonia): Adapting Neo-Assyrian Imperial Projects to Local Circumstances in Babylonia

Index

Christian-religious violence has been the subject of historical research in the humanities since Jean-Jacques Rousseau's theses on the religious intolerance of the Christian-monotheistic attitude of mind and Edward Gibbons' statements on the "intolerant zeal of the Christians". Theresia Schusser's study fits in with the increased preoccupation of classical studies with research into violence, in particular the studies and research projects on religious violence in late antiquity.

As part of the investigation of religious violence exercised by Christians of the 5th-7th century, three Coptic hagiographic writings are examined with regard to their depiction of violent conflicts and discussed in detail against the background of the "social identity theory" of social psychology: In the Panegyrikos on Makarios by Tkōou it was about a cult termination with the destruction of the temple and the death of the saint in the course of an internal church dispute. In the Life of Samuel of Kalamōn, the Miaphysite saint was presented as a twice-martyred, who narrowly survived, as a victim of Christian Melkite violence. The life of Moses of Abydos, on the other hand, reported on two inter-religious conflict situations - a temple destruction and the exorcism of the demonized deity Bes - and only marginally dealt with conflicts within the church.

Vorwort

Teil I: Thematisches und Methodisches 

Kapitel 1: Einführung

     1.1. Bisheriger Ertrag wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen 

     1.2. Fragestellung und Vorgehensweise

Kapitel 2: Koptische Hagiographie

     2.1. Quellenkunde

     2.2. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen – Methodologie 

Teil II: Fallstudien der koptischen Hagiographie 

Kapitel 3: Der Panegyrikos auf Makarios von Tkōou 

     3.1. Historische Einordnung

     3.2. Der Inhalt des Panegyrikos 

     3.3. Binnenkirchliche Gewalt bei Makarios von Tkōou

     3.4. Interreligiöse Gewalt bei Makarios von Tkōou

     3.5. Zur Präsentation religiöser Konflikte

     3.6. Fazit

Kapitel 4: Die Vita des Samuel von Kalamōn 

     4.1. Einordnung der Quelle

     4.2. Der Inhalt der Samuel-Vita 

     4.3. Binnenkirchliche Gewalt

     4.4. Intratextueller Vergleich der Arten religiöser Gewalt

     4.5. Fazit

Kapitel 5: Die Vita des Moses von Abydos 

     5.1. Historische Einordnung

     5.2. Der Inhalt der Quelle und ihr Kontext

     5.3. Interreligiöse Gewalt in der Vita des Moses von Abydos

     5.4. Binnenkirchliche Konflikte in der Moses-Vita? 

     5.5. Intratextuelle Beobachtungen 

     5.6. Fazit

Kapitel 6: Bisheriger Ertrag der Untersuchungen

Teil III: Erweiterung des Blickwinkels und Ergebnisse der Untersuchung 

Kapitel 7: Intertextueller Vergleich der untersuchten Quellen

     7.1. Länge und Platzierung der Episoden religiöser Gewalt

     7.2. Sozialgeschichtliches: Täter, Opfer und ihre Präsentation 

Kapitel 8: Erklärung der Erzählmodi mittels einer Theorie der Sozialpsychologie

Kapitel 9: Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse

Verzeichnis der verwendeten Quellen

Verzeichnis der verwendeten Literatur

The aim of the present work is to systematically examine and present the Babylonian-Assyrian concept of time. It is designed as an overview work that can form the starting point for further research. In general, the question is asked which properties and characteristics were attributed to the phenomenon of time. Inseparably linked to this is the question of which texts emphasize the individual characteristics and what role time plays in the context of the respective sources. Since no abstract word for time is known in the languages ​​of the ancient Near East, it should also be analyzed how the phenomenon is represented on the lexical level. In the course of the work, time is viewed as a natural phenomenon on the one hand, and its social relevance and function on the other. With regard to time as a natural phenomenon, the question arises as to which natural occurrences formed the basis of time perception and which functions these fulfilled in detail. Since nature in the ancient Near East was closely linked to people's beliefs, the theological conceptions that were linked to ideas about time will also be examined.

The starting point of the present investigation on the Babylonian-Assyrian concept of time of the 1st millennium B.C. is the supposed problem that neither Akkadian nor Sumerian reveal a word that can be equated with an abstract concept of time. In the course of the investigation, however, it was found that instead of a single, abstract concept of time, a comprehensive network of specific concepts of time was used. With regard to the conceptualization of time, the concepts of time can be divided into two major groups: The first group consists of the concepts of day, month and year. In contrast to this are the secondary concepts of time, which – with the exception of the day and night watches (maṣṣartu) – play no recognizable role in the concept of time under study. The secondary concepts of time are derived from social, economic and sometimes also physical events. The time terms adannu and simanu occupy a special position, which designate points in time and periods of time that are fixed in advance (adannu) or considered appropriate (simanu). These nuances of meaning come into their own in the context of the ideality of the passage of time and divination.

The theoretical knowledge of the passage of time is only available to a very small group of people. However, through the practical activities of scholars, the concept of time also unfolds on a broader societal level. This in turn affects the qualitative and numinous properties of time as expressed in divination, hemerology and rituals.

A sound knowledge of the passage of time and the methods of observation and measurement were of crucial importance for the scholars, as this was the only way to ensure the maintenance of the calendar and its necessary regulation. The importance of this knowledge is also expressed in the "Manual of the Art of Conjuration" by the concluding request not to be careless when carrying out the calendar activities. The importance of this activity is made clear by the primary tasks of the scholars: A correctly regulated calendar was an essential prerequisite for the scholars to be able to correctly interpret occurring omens and observe hemerological specifications. In the worst case, an insufficiently regulated calendar could have fatal consequences for the king and the entire country.

The importance of time to scholars has also found echoes at the mythical level, albeit in much older textual material. The myth "Enki and the World Order" describes how the wisdom god Enki follows the passage of time and uses it to regulate the calendar. In Old Babylonian "Atram-ḫasīs-Myth" it is shown how Enki measures the time until the coming deluge with the help of a water clock. Thus, in the late 2nd and 1st millennium B.C. several mythical texts and text passages take up the topic of time. These texts explain how, why and by whom time was made perceptible. The "Enūma eliš" describes how time was made perceptible by being divided into units of time by the cyclic movements of the celestial bodies. This makes it clear that the establishment of perceptible time was geared directly to the calendar. The "Enūma eliš" accordingly has close intertextual references to other astrological-calendrical texts such as "MUL.APIN" or "Twelve Times Three". In addition to the "Enūma eliš" there are other, shorter text passages that take up the topic. The text "Ištar's Exaltation" shows that the responsibility of telling the time was given to the sun and moon. The composition "Enūma Anu Enlil", the extensive series of astral and meteorological omens, contains three different mythical passages, each bringing the stars, the sun and the moon to the fore and thereby bringing them into connection with the establishment of time. Above all, the Akkadian version marked as šanîš shows again that the establishment of the time is connected to the plans already mentioned. In addition, the passage explains that the introduction of perceivable time was done specifically with humanity in mind. All mythical texts thus share the same literary motifs regarding the establishment of cyclically perceptible time. However, differences can be noted with regard to the divine actors. In the "Enūma eliš" Marduk is regarded as the one who created and ordered the cosmos and thus made it possible to perceive time. In the other texts, this task falls to the triad of gods Anu, Enlil and Ea.

Vorwort

Teil I: Einführung in die Thematik

1) Einleitung

    1.1) Ziele und Fragestellungen

    1.2) Theoretische Grundlagen

        1.2.1) Die soziale Zeit  

        1.2.2) Der Konzeptbegriff  

    1.3) Die Quellen  

    1.4) Methodik  

2) Die sprachliche Realisierung des Phänomens Zeit

    2.1) Tage, Monate und Jahre

    2.2) Abgeleitete Zeitbegriffe

    2.3) adannu, simanu und ṭuppi

Teil II: Die Zeit in der Natur

3) Exkurs: Das babylonisch-assyrische Naturverständnis  

4) Die Grundlagen der Zeitwahrnehmung  

    4.1) Die Zyklen der Natur als Zeitanzeiger

        4.1.1) Exkurs: astronomische Grundlagen

        4.1.2) Astrale Zeitanzeiger

            4.1.2.1) Der Mond  

            4.1.2.2) Die Sonne  

            4.1.2.3) Die Sterne und Planeten  

        4.1.3) terrestrische Zeitanzeiger

5) Anfang und Ende der Zeit  

    5.1) Die Schöpfung der Zeit  

    5.2) Die Ewigkeit  

6) Die ideale Zeit  

    6.1) Das ideale Jahr

    6.2) Der ideale Monat  

    6.3) Der ideale Tag  

    6.4) Die Funktion der idealen Zeit

Teil III: Die Zeit in der Gesellschaft

7) Die Träger der Zeitkonzepte

    7.1) Mythische Vorbilder  

8) Die Organisation der Zeit

    8.1) Zeitmessung und Zeiteinheiten  

        8.1.1) Beobachtung  

        8.1.2) Messung

        8.1.3) Berechnung  

    8.2) Das Kalenderwesen  

9) Die Qualität der Zeit

    9.1) Die Zeit in der Omenkunde  

        9.1.1) Die Zeit in den omina oblativa  

        9.1.2) Die Zeit in den omina impetrativa

    9.2) Zeit in den Hemerologien und Menologien

10) Die Zeit als numinose Erscheinung  

Teil IV: Auswertung

11) Das babylonisch-assyrische Konzept von Zeit

Verzeichnisse  

Abkürzungsverzeichnis

Literaturverzeichnis

Quellen-Index